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Bipolar neuron
A bipolar cell is a type of neuron which has two extensions. Bipolar cells are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses. As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions.
Common examples are the bipolar cell of the retina, the ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve,〔(Bipolar+cell ) at eMedicine Dictionary〕 and the extensive use of bipolar cells to transmit efferent (motor) signals to control muscles.
The four types of retinal neurons are bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.
==Bipolar cells in retina==
Oftentimes found in the retina, bipolar cells are crucial as they serve as both direct and indirect cell pathways. The specific location of the bipolar cells allow them to facilitate the pathway of signals both where they start in the receptors as well as where they arrive at the ganglion cells. Bipolar cells in the retina are also unique as they do not fire impulses like the other cells found within the retina. Rather, bipolar cells have a receptive-field that surrounds them. Therefore, bipolar cells may exist as off-center or on-center. The off-center bipolar cells possess excitatory relationships with the synapses and are depolarized by light. On-center bipolar cells have inhibitory synapses and therefore are suppressed in the dark.〔David Hubel's Eye, Brain and, Vision, () 〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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